Japanese particles

Marks what the sentence is about. Pronounced わ when used as a particle.

Marks the grammatical subject — who or what does or is something, often introducing new information.

Marks the destination of movement verbs, and the location where something exists with います／あります.

Marks a specific point in time when something happens. Not used with relative words like 今日 or 明日.

Connects two nouns: possession, affiliation, or description. N1 modifies N2.

Joins nouns in an exhaustive list, and also marks the person you do something together with.

Attaches to the reason clause. The reason comes first, the result follows.

ので is a softer, more objective から — preferred when explaining yourself politely. のに is "even though", and always carries a note of surprise, complaint or disappointment.

Both take な after a noun or な-adjective, which is where mistakes cluster: 静かなので, not ×静かので.

Limits the noun: nothing more than this.

Expresses an approximate amount or duration.

Turns a statement into a question. A question mark is optional in Japanese when か is used.

Sentence-final particle that seeks agreement or confirmation from the listener, softening the statement.